Economic Value of Sustainable Development

Monetary Value of Sustainable Development Presentation The age living directly should leave the improvement of air, water and soil assets as typical, as unadulterated and not contaminated as they saw it as for the people in the future. Its tranquil difficult to accomplish such intergenerational value given worldwide natural issues that radiate through human exercises. Subsequently following the Brundtland (1987) see, Sustainable Development suggests addressing formative needs of present people without bargaining/giving up the necessities of people in the future. Economical Development is a directive not to fulfill ourselves by denying our replacements (group of people yet to come) an unadulterated biological system, especially of limited assets. Earthy person/Ecologists regularly contend that chronicling supportable improvement requires rewarding normal assets (modest and non-modest) with care as they structure some portion of all human beneficial exercises. While then again, Economists accept that singular purchasers will naturally rece ive ecological inclinations with the end goal that it leads towards ecological conservation, at the end of the day: the market will take care everything being equal. Maintainable Development has seemingly been the focal point of discussion among various ways of thinking, especially between the Neo Classical way of thinking and the Ecological way of thinking (as should be obvious the various methodologies utilized by the schools in the above section). The conditions ability to suit human movement is flawed given the emerging issues of unreasonable improvement that’s upgraded by the rate at which people depreciate certain natural enhancements and furthermore by the rate wherein people rebate future expenses and advantages for present expenses and advantages. This task is especially planned for investigating, how esteeming and limiting of the biological framework by people identify with feasible turn of events. The basis behind limiting by people is the inclination for utilization now instead of soon (time inclination). This inclination might be made out of components related with the hazard in deferring utilization, with the way that expanded riches later on might diminish the overall worth of the delayed utilization, and with perhaps nonsensical, â€Å"pure† time inclination (Tim Cowards, 1997: 28-39). While then again R. Kerry Turner, Jouni Paavola,†¦, (2003; 493-510) accept the method of reasoning behind valuation isn't having a characterized money related sticker price on ecological products yet rather to communicate the impact of a negligible change in environment administrations arrangement regarding an exchange off against different things individuals esteem. Hypothetical Analysis of the Discount Rate Sustainable Development As characterized before, limiting future ecological advantages for present natural advantages has brought about huge debates and can have serious ramifications on strategy plans that look to reinforce reduction levels in accomplishing reasonable turn of events. Earthy people normally detest the demonstration of limiting as it ruins the environmental prosperity of people in the future accordingly coming about to unreasonable turn of events. In understanding the idea of limiting, John Quiggin (1997: pp. 65 †90) applies a fundamental model where; if a 1 dollar advantage subject to emerge in thirty years, including a limited current estimation of 10 pennies, an individual customer in thirty years will in this manner have at edge, a load of 10 pennies comparative with an individual conceived today. This fundamental model shows how people in the future can be exacerbated off because of present human exercises. In this manner we can unmistakably observe that arrangements which look to improve present utilization combined with asset consumption to such an extent that there’s dominatingly more difficult to find limited assets later on is related with limiting techniques. In this way the limiting technique corresponding to practical improvement hampers vital points of intergeneration value that tries to disperse limited assets similarly for both current and people in the future. Tom Crowards (1997, 28-39) specifies that the method of reasoning behind limiting by the general public is that they face an inclination on whether to expend now or to devour later on (time inclination). To such an extent that this factor is related with danger of deferring utilization, as the estimation of the value later on may be generally worth less in present terms. Given that we can obviously observe that there’s an open door cost related with present utilization, which is supposed to be the arrival that society may determine by deferring utilization. Calculation of the rebate rate: The most widely recognized technique to utilize when registering the markdown rate is the Ramsey Rule. The Ramsey Rule empowers us to get a proficient rebate rate that is made equivalent to the financing cost, which quantifies the open door cost of assets in the economy. The markdown rate is given by r: r = ÃŽ' + ÃŽ ·g Where ÃŽ': Measures the time inclination looked by the general public which was marginally examined in the above segment. This time inclination specifies the degree to which the general public limits future government assistance. With the end goal that the higher the estimation of ÃŽ', moderately suggests less decrease gauges today as less weight is being put to future harms. Sterner Martin (2007, 07-37) contended that a few business analysts utilize a low time inclination esteem envisioning the hazard that people in the future probably won't be alive to observe natural issues especially of environmental change. Where ÃŽ ·: is the peripheral versatility of utility to pay accordingly estimating the shape of the utility capacity. The higher the incentive on the minimal flexibility of utility to salary generally suggests the more extravagant we become later on. Along these lines the higher the estimation of ÃŽ ·, higher decrease levels will be taken as a higher ÃŽ · results to higher ecological harms. Where g: Ressembles the development rate for a specific eceonomy. Most financial analysts will in general fix it to one given ramifications and details it might lead us to when attempting to discover the rebate rate. Conversation Analysis of Discount Rates: There has been enormous discussion among different creators, for example, Ralph Winkler (2009), Thomas Sterner Martin Persson (2012) over the degree to which the current age markdown future natural advantages. Ralph Winkler (2009) investigations ideal interest in ecological assurance and accepts that individuals take part in hyperbolic limiting which is gotten from the deficiencies of exponential limiting. Hyperbolic markdown rates recommend that the rebate pace of the general public decays extra time because of three components; Initially, Empirical proof proposes strategy producers use a declining rebate rate instead of a steady markdown rate when settling on choices about decrease levels for future condition (Frederick et al 2002., Gintis, 2000). Furthermore, ramifications of vulnerability identifying with the condition of the world later on prompts conviction proportionate rebate rate (Azfar, 1999, Gollier, 2002, Weitzman, 1998). Thirdly, it is accepted that declining markdown rates are steady with intergenerational value (Li Lofgren, 2000, Chichilnisky, 1996). Hyperbolic markdown rate has its impediments, for example, its inability to be time-reliable; in this way Ralph Winkler expect a non-covering age which is spoken to by a solitary specialist. He accepted the restrictions of hyperbolic limiting will be dispensed with by expecting the abovementioned and given that hyperbolic limiting stems from the social orders vulnerability over the future, than there’s no issue of time-inconsistencies’ if plans about nature are refreshed as new data opens up. Then again, the perspective on a high rebate rate by Thomas Sterner Martin Persson (2007) comes from the Stern Review (2006) which was a conversation paper planned for giving strategy creators contribution on the effect of environmental change. Thomas Sterner Martin Persson based their solid analysis over the low markdown rate and non-showcase harms of environmental change that are disparaged in the Stern Report. The two creators thought considering relative cost could change the organization of the rebate rate as changing relative costs (especially of natural products) because of environmental change can impactsly affect the economy. Given that, the Stern Review utilized the Ramsey Rule when processing the markdown rate as appeared by the accompanying condition: r = ÃŽ' + ÃŽ ·g Thomas Sterner Martin Persson (2007) adjusted the Ramsey Rule that gave a low rebate rate and rather utilized the DICE model which considers changing relative costs between showcase products and natural merchandise with the end goal that they show up to the accompanying condition: Considering relative costs (especially the natural part indicated by ÃŽ ³E) will result to a high rebate rate to such an extent that approach creators will fortify reduction proportions of the managing the effects of environmental change. The figure underneath presents a situation where after relative costs are considered approach makers’ understudy take serious reduction proportions of managing environmental change which can be altogether diminished by limiting ozone depleting substance levels in the air. As should be obvious in the above figure, at first the Stern limiting (low rebate rate) involves a low carbon dioxide emanations contrasted with Sterner Martin’s limiting (high markdown rate) however over the long haul the high rebate rate results to low carbon dioxide discharge contrasted with a low rebate rate given changes in relative costs of ecological merchandise. This impact delineates that considering relative costs can improve important reduction levels that’s in a similar significant degree as changing the markdown rate. Hypothetical Analysis of Economic Valuation Sustainable Development It is be

Electronic HRM in Theory and Practice

Question: Talk about the Electronic HRM in Theory and Practice. Answer: Presentation: As of late, organizations around the globe have perceived the developing criticalness of applying Information Technology (IT) in upgrading Human Resource (HR) jobs. This angle as per Bondarouk, Rue?L, Looise, (2011) accept the plan of Electronic Human Resource Management (e-HRM) which relies totally upon IT frameworks, for example, Internet-empowered Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS), organization entries, and inward intranets. Human Resource is not, at this point taken as a lone business work. As Torres-Coronas, Arias-Oliva, (2005) support, it is an arrangement of astoundingly specific proficiencies - every one with assorted purposes, duties, and prerequisites. The enormous execution of IT frameworks has empowered human asset specialists to do their exercises easily. This article will clarify in detail three of these HRM exercises, and the pretended by data frameworks inside every them. Job of data innovation in the Recruiting, Screening, and Selection Procedures for Occupation Applicants Screening and choice of occupation applicants structure a fundamental section of the essential HR capacities. As of late, there has an increased inspired by the work of instructive innovations in this human asset practice. For example, Nike Inc. applies Interactive Voice Response (IVR) mechanical instrument to pre-talk with occupation up-and-comers via phone handset, and afterward after, lead PC encouraged meetings, trailed by up close and personal conversations with the candidates chose in the primary stage. Also, different organizations situated in the US, for example, US Department of Defense and Home Depot utilize an expansive cluster of advancements, for example, telephones, Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) and IVR to choose appropriate possibility for their activity positions. These associations likewise utilize business applications wanted to help in screening watchwords in educational plan vitae (CVs) put together by the potential workers (Noe, 2006, p. 123-423). Human asset supervisors are presently understanding the advantages they foreseen when buying these advances since they have given answers for a portion of the HR issues. Globalization in the work advertise and the economy has been accounted for to have expanded, and associations everywhere throughout the world are searching generally advantageous and most reasonable representatives, independent of their topographical areas. Looking for the uncommonly qualified staff individuals in the worldwide work showcase is currently neither unsafe nor expensive. As Cook, (2009) calls attention to its utilization in choosing and screening work candidates has decreased the enrollment costs, yet it has additionally helped in growing the candidate pools. Moreover, expanded work of IT in this procedure has decreased unfavorable impacts for secured gatherings. Generally, there existed rater inclinations which could separate candidates dependent on their own traits such sex, age, weight, and race however with the expanded utilization of innovation such cases are incredible. Human raters were additionally defenseless against dynamic mistakes. By method of taking out or diminishing the human component from the representatives enlistment procedure, and welcoming on board a normalized, autonomous, innovation arrangement, human asset choices on screening and choice methodology for work applicants are presently increasingly dependable and unbiased (Martin Whiting, 2013). The utilization of data innovation in preparing and advancement HR Since 1980s, organizations everywhere throughout the world have been progressively utilizing innovation based strategies to prepare and build up their workers. Innovation bolstered adapting regularly alluded to as E-learning can be a valuable information improvement device particularly if its substance is structured in accordance with instructional plan standards. Additionally, web based preparing isn't compelled to a distinct region or time, and as such staff individuals can fill preparing materials anyplace and whenever gave they have the Internet association. Numerous online human asset preparing stages expect them to enroll first, and they can screen their individual exhibitions by utilization of learning the board programming. Progressively, lion's share of the USA organizations are utilizing innovation encouraged instructional techniques, for example, robotized learning by means of online preparing just as versatile handset contraptions, for example, I-cushions (Pynes Lombardi, 2011). Examinations of association preparing approaches call attention to that despite the fact that about all companies use eye to eye workshop room instructing, innovation grounded preparing strategies are securing ubiquity. Web-upheld worker mentoring is brought out through the Internet or by means of an in-house authoritative intranet.Web-empowered courses help organizations in changing trainings to suit singular wants and inclinations, and offer the capacity to gauge or evaluate performance.Computer-created veracity gives successful preparing which imitates part occupation duties in this way increasing their activity information and aptitudes (Greenberger, Heneman, 2002). Utilization of IT in execution survey and evaluation Data innovation frameworks, for example, Workforce Performance Management Systems (WPMS) and Talent Management Software (TMS) help with estimating and overseeing execution of representatives. These stages help HRM in computerizing their work strategies and in the process help in sparing time and expenses. Swan Wilson, (2007) adds to this idea by contending that use of WPMS and TMS help to diminish consumptions as well as limit endeavors required just as administrative work. Accordingly, in excess of 30 percent of associations in the US are as of now using or wanting to buy programming to deal with their representatives exhibitions. WPMS and TMS empower human asset directors to record all data about a people execution, pre-set targets and the real outcomes, progression arranging, compensation, and other corresponding HR plans. Different structures for instance examination structures are filled on the web and submitted to the significant divisions for additional dynamic systems. The information is logically stowed in measurements where the current specialist profitability can be effortlessly coordinated with the pre-decided destinations and gauges. Such IT frameworks correspondingly help with breaking down the preparation necessities of staff individuals since they diagnostically screen their headway and assess their exhibitions in various measurements. End Organizations should search for methods to deal with their in-house forms viably while simultaneously saving the veracity of each training. In human asset, for example, there are such a large number of dealings affecting on people including the advantages which gather to them and the way in which they are dealt with. Following human asset goings-on by means of HR data frameworks is a productive business practice which brings about different advantages as delineated in various areas of this paper. It is clear that IT frameworks in HR help in taking care of different issues while simultaneously helping with achieving its essential objective of presence that is expanding productivity edge. References Bondarouk, T., Rue?L, H., Looise, J. C. (2011).Electronic HRM in Theory And Practice. Bingley, Emerald Group Pub. Cook, M. (2009).Personnel Selection. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Greenberger, D. B., Heneman, R. L. (2002).Human Resource Management In Virtual Organizations. Greenwich, Conn, Iap, Information Age Publ. Martin, M., Whiting, F. (2013).Human Resource Practice. London, Chartered Institute Of Personnel And Development. Noe, R. A. (2006).Fundamentals Of Human Resource Management. Whitby, Ont, Mcgraw-Hill Ryerson. Pynes, J., Lombardi, D. N. (2011).Human Resources Management for Health Care Organizations: A Strategic Approach. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass. Swan, W. S., Wilson, L. E. (2007).Ready-To-Use Performance Appraisals: Downloadable, Customizable Tools For Better, Faster Reviews!Hoboken, N.J., John Wiley. Http://Www.Books24x7.Com/Marc.Asp?Bookid=16793. Torres-Coronas, T., Arias-Oliva, M. (2005).E-Human Resources Management: Managing Knowledge People. Hershey, Penns, Idea Group Pub.

The Power of Many Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Power of Many - Coursework Example ntials, access to information and assets, individual affirmation, ability improvement, and a feeling of association and viability in settling network issues. In examination, singular endeavors increment costs by raising the time essential for association, deficient administrations and assets fundamental for commitment, and essential burnout. By pinpointing the specific advantages and restrictions to commitment to the commitment endeavor, network pioneers can introduce the best possible motivators (C.S. Mott Foundation, 2010). Approaches that can impact dynamic social change are peacefulness and customary political undertakings draws near. The peaceful methodology incorporates tranquil measures and game-plans that don't include customary governmental issues. For example, shows, neighborhood watches, disconnection, modern activity, demonstrations, fasts, and framing elective political affiliations. A people group part like a demonstrator can attempt quiet ways to deal with arrange a network as well as to forestall hurt also. For instance, a serene methodology of showing can keep lumberjacks from chopping down trees. The other methodology, customary legislative issues, is the common strategy for network association that I regard functional and pertinent to me. Governmental issues misuses the aggregate intensity of network association (Akoto-Abutiate, 2014, p.

Best Inspirational Quotes for Frustrated Students

My obsession with inspirational quotes continues! And this time I won’t exclude freshmen, sophomores, and juniors. Everyone gets frustrated with school sometimes, especially right now in the middle of the semester, with summer months and months away†¦ From working in groups to presenting in front of the class, school is filled with difficult situations. But when the going gets tough, remember these words of wisdom. Hopefully, they can carry you through. On group projects A simple rule in dealing with those who are hard to get along with is to remember that this person is striving to assert his superiority; and you must deal with him from that point of view. Alfred Adler On bad test scores But the person who scored well on an SAT will not necessarily be the best doctor or the best lawyer or the best businessman. These tests do not measure character, leadership, creativity, perseverance. – William Julius Wilson On stress The greatest weapon against stress is our ability to choose one thought over another. William James In times of great stress or adversity, it’s always best to keep busy, to plow your anger and your energy into something positive. Lee Iacocca On being overwhelmed It always seems impossible until it’s done. Nelson Mandela On presentations You wouldn’t worry so much about what others think of you if you realized how seldom they do. Eleanor Roosevelt Trust yourself. You know more than you think you do. Dr. Benjamin Spock On avoiding distractions Lack of direction, not lack of time, is the problem. We all have twenty-four hour days. Zig Ziglar The successful man is the average man, focused. Unknown On perseverance Many of life’s failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up. Thomas Edison

Sparta vs. Athens (Lycurgus vs. Pericles Funeral Oration) Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Sparta vs. Athens Lycurgus" vs. "Pericles Funeral Oration Introduction The importance of justice in building a formidable society cannot be overemphasized. This is because societies that thrive both economically and politically have been known to act in a justice and fair manner (Galston 18-78). Social justice is simply a moral conception and has to do with giving a person or a group of people what belongs to them in terms of entitlement and morality. Injustice breeds rebellion and discomfort. Such a state of mind is dangerous for any nation and thus cannot thrive. The freedom given to a people in terms of equal rights has a major bearing on the success of such a society. The existence of free and equal people in a society, presence of personal and political liberties, giving equal opportunity to all and an aspect of cooperation does benefit a society more (Bates 12-26). The idea of equal justice for all is seen to be evaluated in these two states. The poor treatment of women in so ciety comes into focus when we look at these two states. Injustices were committed to the female gender and actually what is referred to as equal justice is totally imbalanced (Keyt133–52). We will write a custom essay sample on Sparta vs. Athens (Lycurgus vs. Pericles Funeral Oration) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This has to do with the weakness experienced within these two societies where equal freedom was infringed by the presence of social classes or limits put on the public life especially when it came to the female gender (Collins 67-87). Discussion There were in existence two major forms of governance in the ancient Greece in form of democracy practiced in Athens and Oligarchy in Sparta. Military capabilities became the main focus at the time for the Spartans while on the other hand the Athenians concentrated more on gaining comfort and cultural practices (Thucydides 202-209). The oligarchy kind of governance made Sparta have a war-like attitude which was the first priority given and seemed to meet the needs of the people. An authoritative and potent kind of state came into existence in Sparta empowered by such war-like attitude. There are various contrasting issues that were in place such as the rights of women, availability of social strata, and the value that was put to human life. The power was simply held by a group of ephors who were only five men. There was a general call from the constitution to all men to engage in military education at a tender age of seven for training on being tough and self-sufficient. The indiv idual’s life was meant for the state where one lived and died for it.

Macbeth, Analysis Of Come You Essay - 592 Words

â€Å"Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act I, scene V, lines 44-45) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Macbeth, William Shakespeare writes this passage in order to shape the character of Lady Macbeth. Using only this line, the reader can almost determine Lady Macbeth’s personality and her motives. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Up to the point where this quote leaves off, we have not heard much of Lady Macbeth. When she receives the letter from Macbeth, it seems her fascination is not directed at her husband, but at her husband’s newly attained power. It is evident that the first impression of Lady Macbeth is negative. Without wasting any time, she begins to plan Duncan’s death and assumes responsibility of†¦show more content†¦By now, we are able to recognize Lady Macbeth’s nature. Her thoughts are bombarded with dark images and her mind is set on the murder of the King. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Finally, in the last and most significant part of the sentence Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"unsex me here.† In context, she wants the spirits to come and take away her soft, feminine characteristics. She feels that her husband is too nice to get the greatness he is promised, and the only way he can succeed is if she helps him. From what we have seen, Lady Macbeth seems to be the â€Å"man of the house.† She is willing to do anything that is necessary in order for her to be queen, including murder. She is also quite smart, she knows that her husband tends to be passive, and is not about to give up on him now. In the first half of the novel, Lady Macbeth is the brain behind the operation. She not only provides the actual plan, but encourages her husband as well. During the period the novel was written, women were considered to be submissive. However in her case, she is so influential that Macbeth is even persuaded by her. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To help convince Macbeth not to call the murder off, Lady Macbeth questions his manhood. She says, â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man;/ And to be more than what you were, you would/ Be so much more the man† (pg. 20, lines 55-57) Lady Macbeth knows the weak point of her husband, andShow MoreRelatedA Character Comparison of Macbeth and Prospero from Shakespeares Macbeth and The Tempest676 Words   |  3 PagesThese two Shakespearean characters, Macbeth and Prospero, from Macbeth and The Tempest can greatly compare to one another. From the very beginning, these two men are hard to understand and seem like your average warrior and ruler. Both of these characters are dealing with struggle of power; however, they both deal with this issue in different, interesting ways with different results. 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Critical Evaluation of Evidence for Hyperactivity-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCritical Evaluation of Evidence for Hyperactivity Disorder. Answer: Introduction Evidence based practice is of utmost importance owing to the fact that current evidences related to health interventions are judiciously used to formulate best decisions that will help in providing a client-centred holistic care. The smart drugs mentioned in the case scenario are used to treat Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which is a neuro-developmental disorder. The common symptoms are less concentration and restless behaviour (Arnold, Hurt Lofthouse, 2013). Wasim, a student has observed that all his university friends are talking about using smart drugs to improve their academic performance in examinations (Burgard et al., 2013). Although Wasim knows about the therapeutic benefits of the drugs on ADHD, he aims to discover their probable role in academic performance improvement, by thoroughly investigating 2 articles. The first article is a qualitative study that will show the association between examination performance psycho-stimulants and the second article will show the effects of smart drugs on executive functioning of university students. Body PART A Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students - a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(1), 23-23. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-15-23 Authorship- the authors are well educated to carry out the research as Elisabeth Hildt works as a neuroethic expert. Klaus Lieb and Andreas Gnter Franke belong to the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Mainz (Germany). Franke is a trainee under the guidance of the former. Research Aims- The study aimed to investigate the effects of illicit and prescribed psycho-stimulants on academic performance. The effects of drugs such as, methylphenidate and amphetamine on examination performance were assessed. The student experiences were measured on administration of smart-drugs. Furthermore, influence of several factors such as academic and peer pressure on academic performance were also measured (Hildt, Lieb Franke, 2014). Design- Students were recruited from the University of Mainz campus, followed by conduction of semi-structured, face-to-face interviews. The questions focused on illicit or prescribed consumption of stimulants, individual perception of their effects on academics and any observable negative effects. After being transcribed verbatim, the responses were analysed systematically using a qualitative approach. The transcriptions were analysed by 2 raters who were blind to the study. The categories of responses were selected for final analysis on which both the raters showed agreement. Findings- 18 out of 22 interviews were analysed. 4 students were reportedly under the use of prescribed stimulants. Rest were involved in illicit drug usage. The average age for the use of first stimulants was found to be 20.4 2.88 years.The stimulants were used for facilitating exam preparation, gaining study time, and pursuing individual projects, out of academic domains (a career in music along with university study). Time pressure and performance affected the intake. Reports suggested increased in motivation and reduction in sleep time after drug usage (Farah et al., 2014). Thus, time maximisation and boosting motivation were the most important effects. Strengths and weaknesses- One limitation was the relatively small number of interviews. Only 22 out of the 36,000 registered students were recruited. Drug related stigma resulted in low participation. Moreover, excluding willing participants with psychiatric disorders or under psychoactive medications, led to selection bias. Social desirability, time frame and behavioural aspects acted as major influencing factors. However, the strength lies in the fact that it acted as a starting point for further conduction of qualitative and quantitative studies on effects of stimulants on academic performance. Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 250-257. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.023 Authorship- Marisa E. Marraccini and Lisa L. Weyandt worked as Professors. Oster and Munro were Doctoral Research Assistants in the same university. Thus, the authors were well educated to conduct the study. Voluntary participant inclusion and generalization led to some discrepancies. Research Aims- Executive functioning encompasses self regulation and cognitive flexibility and underlies academic performance. This study evaluated the association between non-prescribed psycho-stimulant use and executive functioning among college students (Munro et al., 2017). Design- Eligible participants were selected from schools and public universities and had to complete 2 sets of questionnaire following informed consent. The questionnaire was based on gender, ethnicity, age, university names and membership status of sonority or fraternity. Non-medical use of prescribed psycho stimulants was measured. Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale assessed adult executive functioning dimensions. An EF summary score was generated followed by t-test analysis. Findings- This study identified for the first time, the relationship between non-medical use of psycho-stimulants and executive functioning of the brain. Majority of participants were found to be females. Higher SSQ score was found among students with EF deficits. 35.4% participants showed clinically significant EF scores. They were more likely to be associated with non medical psycho-stimulant use. In addition, a low grade point average was found among them. Furthermore, an increase was observed in the usage of NMUPS across the class years. Thus, procrastination and time-management difficulties were found to be related to NMUPS usage. Strengths and weaknesses- The study determined association between brain EF and psycho-stimulants use. It also established academics to be the major reason for drug abuse. Therefore, it identified students who were at a risk of drug usage and could be used to design prevention policies. Presence of convenient sample and study generalization was a limitation. Selection bias occurred due to disproportionate number of females and Whites. Assessing psycho-stimulant effects on the brain were disturbed due to presence of 3 participants with 2 GPA score. Furthermore, voluntary participants might suitably represent the entire population. PART B Barriers for the application of evidence in practice- Evidence-based practice (EBP) integrate best research evidences from well formulated studies. Some of the common barriers are inadequate knowledge, time management, low IT access and lack of motivation (Laska, Gurman Wampold, 2014). Low English proficiency also creates major difficulties in EBP implementation (Sadeghi?Bazargani et al., 2014). Although, psycho-stimulant drugs treat ADHD symptoms, there was lack of adequate information on their role in academic performance and cognitive skill improvement. Further, inadequate access to large libraries and computer resources create hindrance in EBP implementation (Grant, Stuhlmacher Bonte-Eley, 2012). Owing to the fact that EBP is a time consuming procedure, a major barrier exists in the form of time commitment (Kim et al., 2013). Alignment with PICO elements- The 2 studies showed complete adherence to the PICO format (Cooke, Smith Booth, 2012). PICO structure (Munro et al., 2017): Population- University students; Intervention- Nonmedical prescribed stimulant use; Comparison- Students with EF deficits compared to those without deficits; Outcome- Psycho-stimulant effects on executive brain functioning. PICO structure (Hildt, Lieb Franke, 2014): Population- University student using psycho-stimulant; Intervention- Psycho-stimulant effect on academics; Comparison- Stimulant using students compared to placebo group; Outcome- Psycho-stimulant effect analysis. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded by analysing the two articles that psycho-stimulants demonstrate some potential side effects on people who use these drugs. The first research article is considered to be more successful because it provided direct evidences of the effects of smart drugs on improved academic outcomes. 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